All particles are made of two elements: single time-helixes and double time-helixes. Single time helixes are
generated by a minimum quantum of energy (called ergon) rotating at the speed of light around a center at a
distance equal to the Planck length. Double time helixes are generated by two ergons of energy rotating at the
speed of light around a center at a distance equal to the Planck length. A body can be induced to rotate around a
center if there is a strong attractor of such a magnitude that makes the direction of the body’s acceleration
orthogonal to the motion. Such attraction can only be generated by mass and can only act on mass. In our case,
there is no mass in the rotating ergon nor is there mass at the center of rotation. There is then the only alternative
that at Planck level spatial dimensions are curled so that a two-dimensional rotation (time being the third
dimension of the time helix) is reduced to a one-dimensional motion.
Single and double time helixes may have one of two aspects: right-handedness or left-handedness. Single right-
handed helixes are defined by the rest energy of the positron and its positive electric charge. Single left-handed
helixes are defined by the rest energy of the electron and its negative electric charge. Although equivalent in rest
energy and charge, single time helixes do not have the quantum characteristics of free positrons and electrons.
The two rotating ergons in a double helix are phase-shifted by 180 degrees, resulting in a null energy and electric
charge. Double helixes with phase shift of 180 degrees with null energy and charge are named Z helixes. Slight
deviations from the 180 degrees phase shift result in energies that define neutrinos (left-handed double helixes)
and anti neutrinos (right-handed double helixes).
Single helixes are coupled to Z helixes of opposite handedness to form singlets of unit charge and null
handedness. A pair of opposite singlets is named a doublet. The doublet ensemble has zero charge and since the
handedness of the singlets components of the doublet is null, the overall handedness of the doublet is also null.
Doublets are represented as:
[+Z –Z*]
The structure of a charged particle is composed of a number of doublets and a spare singlet or spare singlets of
the same charge as the particle. The structure of neutral particles is composed of a number of doublets with no
spare singlet. The number of doublets in a particle is dependent on the rest mass of the particle.
The doublets are strung together, positive end to negative end, to form rings that are considered entities of zero
charge with no electrostatic influence outside their perimeter ("The Rings Model of Elementary Particle") or entities
of zero charge with electrostatic influence outside their perimeter ("Effect of Charge Interaction on Baryon
Configurations and Stability").
The separation between the (+Z) and (–Z) singlets components of a doublet takes into account the size of the
components and, more importantly, the effect of one component on the other component. Since single and double
time helixes do not have size, only the effect is then considered.
A positron of rest mass m rotating at the speed of light C around an electron of charge e has to be at a distance d
so that the positron centrifugal force is equal to the attractive electrostatic force between the two particles:
d = e ^ 2 / (m C ^ 2)
This distance (called the classical electron radius) is used as the constant distance separating adjacent singlets in
a ring.
Even though rings are entities of zero charge each singlet in a ring is subjected to electrostatic forces from all
other singlets in the ring. The resultant Y component of the overall force affecting a singlet is always zero while the
resultant X component is always positive (attractive) and inversely proportional to the number of singlets in the
ring. This attractive force generates a constrictive stress on the ring that is counteracted by an opposing force
which is provided by a right-handed or left-handed rotation (or spin) of the ring. The spin velocity V of a ring of
mass m and radius r is obtained by equating the attractive centripetal force Fc to the centrifugal force generated by
the spin:
V = sqr (r Fc / m)
The spin velocity V of a ring would make the forces acting between and among singlets null, resulting in a stress
free ring.
Particles are made up of zero, one, two, or three rings depending on the family of the particle: Baryons have three
rings, Mesons two rings, Leptons (muon and tau) one ring, and electrons and neutrinos no rings.
If the separation between singlets in a ring is equal to the classical electron radius, the separation, or gap, between
rings has to be equal to or greater than that radius.
For rings with equal number of doublets and separated by equal gaps, the three-ring formation of Baryons implies
either a layered configuration with the centers of the rings lying on a line of length equal to twice the gap between
the rings; a triangular configuration with the centers of the rings at the vertices of an equilateral triangle with sides
equal to twice the radius of the rings plus the gap between rings; or a linear configuration with the rings lying on a
line of length equal to four times the radius of the rings plus twice the gap between rings. The spare singlet of
charged Baryons is located at the center of the triangle which is also the center of the particle in triangular
configurations, and at the center of the middle ring in layered and linear configurations.
For rings with equal number of doublets, the two-ring formation of Mesons implies either a layered configuration
with the centers of the rings lying on a line of length equal to the gap between the rings, or a linear configuration
with the centers of the rings lying on a line of length equal to twice the radius of the rings plus the gap between
rings. As in the three-ring configuration of Baryons, the gap has to be equal to or greater than the separation
between singlets. The location of the spare singlet of charged Mesons is on the center line of the gap separating
the two rings for linear configurations, and at the center of one of the rings for layered configurations.
The spare singlet of the one-ring configuration of Leptons does not have the Z helix component and is located at
the center of the ring.
Copyright © 2009 Giulio. C. Cima All Rights Reserved