| The Symmetrical Universe |
The purpose of this discussion is to present a new cosmological model grounded on solid
classical and relativistic principles which is nevertheless in contrast to current models. The
discussion is divided into two parts:
Part 1: “Gravity and Space-Time”
Part 2: “The Symmetrical Universe”
In Part 1, the mathematical base for the cosmological model is discussed, starting with the two
classical equations defining gravitational and centripetal accelerations and their application to
the dynamics of the solar system. From the two equations the concept of “mass event
horizon” is derived giving a means of unifying aspects that may appear separate throughout
the universe. The event horizon is defined as the distance from the center of a body where the
linear velocity of an orbiting mass is equal to the speed of light. The required assumption in
this definition is that the mass of the body be contracted within the event horizon, and that the
orbiting mass be a point mass.
The definition of the mass event horizon requires a relativistic approach to the energy content
of the orbiting mass. The horizon then becomes the locus where the total energy of an orbiting
mass is equal to zero: that is, the kinetic potential of the orbiting mass is equal to its
gravitational potential. If we define the universe as a mass event then the event horizon of the
universe has the same properties as all mass event horizons, with the all important point that
the equality of kinetic and gravitational potentials has to be true for the life of the universe. We
can then use the definition of equality of potentials of the event horizon in a universal context
and provide the basis for a cosmological model. However, the definition of the mass event
horizon is based on a point mass orbiting at the horizon with a velocity equal to the speed of
light. The cosmological model, instead, is for a universe that is expanding at the speed of light.
This introduces a time parameter into the model that requires mass and the speed of light to be
time dependent. Furthermore, the mass event horizon defines the limiting values of a system
when viewed from above the horizon whereas the cosmological model defines a system when
viewed from below the horizon.
In Part 2, the cosmological model resulting from Part 1 and its symmetrical properties are
discussed. This cosmology differs radically from current cosmologies in that mass and the
speed of light are time dependent. Matter (or mass) is the defining element of a cosmology. But
matter can only exist in a spatial and temporal environment. Matter without space or time is
meaningless. What this cosmology indicates is that in order for matter to exist it has to create
the space and the time in which to exist, and the creation function is the responsibility of
radiation.
Current cosmologies are based on the principles that the total energy of the universe is fixed
and invariant; that all matter was created during the first instant of creation; and that the speed
of light and of all electromagnetic phenomena is fixed and invariant. This cosmology, instead,
is based on the single principle of energy invariance.
classical and relativistic principles which is nevertheless in contrast to current models. The
discussion is divided into two parts:
Part 1: “Gravity and Space-Time”
Part 2: “The Symmetrical Universe”
In Part 1, the mathematical base for the cosmological model is discussed, starting with the two
classical equations defining gravitational and centripetal accelerations and their application to
the dynamics of the solar system. From the two equations the concept of “mass event
horizon” is derived giving a means of unifying aspects that may appear separate throughout
the universe. The event horizon is defined as the distance from the center of a body where the
linear velocity of an orbiting mass is equal to the speed of light. The required assumption in
this definition is that the mass of the body be contracted within the event horizon, and that the
orbiting mass be a point mass.
The definition of the mass event horizon requires a relativistic approach to the energy content
of the orbiting mass. The horizon then becomes the locus where the total energy of an orbiting
mass is equal to zero: that is, the kinetic potential of the orbiting mass is equal to its
gravitational potential. If we define the universe as a mass event then the event horizon of the
universe has the same properties as all mass event horizons, with the all important point that
the equality of kinetic and gravitational potentials has to be true for the life of the universe. We
can then use the definition of equality of potentials of the event horizon in a universal context
and provide the basis for a cosmological model. However, the definition of the mass event
horizon is based on a point mass orbiting at the horizon with a velocity equal to the speed of
light. The cosmological model, instead, is for a universe that is expanding at the speed of light.
This introduces a time parameter into the model that requires mass and the speed of light to be
time dependent. Furthermore, the mass event horizon defines the limiting values of a system
when viewed from above the horizon whereas the cosmological model defines a system when
viewed from below the horizon.
In Part 2, the cosmological model resulting from Part 1 and its symmetrical properties are
discussed. This cosmology differs radically from current cosmologies in that mass and the
speed of light are time dependent. Matter (or mass) is the defining element of a cosmology. But
matter can only exist in a spatial and temporal environment. Matter without space or time is
meaningless. What this cosmology indicates is that in order for matter to exist it has to create
the space and the time in which to exist, and the creation function is the responsibility of
radiation.
Current cosmologies are based on the principles that the total energy of the universe is fixed
and invariant; that all matter was created during the first instant of creation; and that the speed
of light and of all electromagnetic phenomena is fixed and invariant. This cosmology, instead,
is based on the single principle of energy invariance.
According to this cosmology, the universe started from a homogeneous state of pure
potentiality, with no matter, space, or time. Then, at a time infinitely close to zero, an infinitely
small quantity of matter was formed in an infinitely small space-time created by a speed of
light approaching infinity. When the universe was one second old it was a blob of extremely
dense and hot matter of about three billion kilometers in diameter at a temperature of fifty
trillion degrees Kelvin. Two critical events had to occur in this initial phase of the young
universe. The first took place at an incredibly small time when the value of the amount of mass
and of its related space-time became greater than the critical conditions defined by Planck
and Compton, resulting in a switch from a totally probabilistic mode to a more causal one. The
other event that had to occur was one that greatly influenced all subsequent events: a time-
space “inversion” when a time-dominated universe, where space had little effect on events,
suddenly switched to space domination. The inversion happens at about the same time as the
inflation of the current inflation theory and is consistent with that theory.
If nothing intervenes, this cosmology indicates that after an infinite amount of time the
universe will approach a state of infinite mass in an infinite space-time of absolute darkness
and coldness.
However, this cosmology also indicates that the universe is a symmetrically integrated
system where each part is connected to the whole; that there is no independent portion or
segment that is isolated from the whole by space or time. The isolation is one of perception
rather than intrinsic to the system. If an electron can be anywhere in space and in time but it
can only be observed at a point in space and time resulting from its integrated path of
maximum probability then we can say that we may perceive distance where there may not be
distance; that we may perceive time when there may not be time. Space-time might be so
warped unto itself that infinite space-time could be contained in an infinitely small space and
an infinitely small time. The concepts of infinitely large and infinitely small are both relative
and symmetrical.
potentiality, with no matter, space, or time. Then, at a time infinitely close to zero, an infinitely
small quantity of matter was formed in an infinitely small space-time created by a speed of
light approaching infinity. When the universe was one second old it was a blob of extremely
dense and hot matter of about three billion kilometers in diameter at a temperature of fifty
trillion degrees Kelvin. Two critical events had to occur in this initial phase of the young
universe. The first took place at an incredibly small time when the value of the amount of mass
and of its related space-time became greater than the critical conditions defined by Planck
and Compton, resulting in a switch from a totally probabilistic mode to a more causal one. The
other event that had to occur was one that greatly influenced all subsequent events: a time-
space “inversion” when a time-dominated universe, where space had little effect on events,
suddenly switched to space domination. The inversion happens at about the same time as the
inflation of the current inflation theory and is consistent with that theory.
If nothing intervenes, this cosmology indicates that after an infinite amount of time the
universe will approach a state of infinite mass in an infinite space-time of absolute darkness
and coldness.
However, this cosmology also indicates that the universe is a symmetrically integrated
system where each part is connected to the whole; that there is no independent portion or
segment that is isolated from the whole by space or time. The isolation is one of perception
rather than intrinsic to the system. If an electron can be anywhere in space and in time but it
can only be observed at a point in space and time resulting from its integrated path of
maximum probability then we can say that we may perceive distance where there may not be
distance; that we may perceive time when there may not be time. Space-time might be so
warped unto itself that infinite space-time could be contained in an infinitely small space and
an infinitely small time. The concepts of infinitely large and infinitely small are both relative
and symmetrical.
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Copyright © 2004 Giulio. C. Cima Revised 2009 All Rights Reserved
===============================================================================
Copyright © 2004 Giulio. C. Cima Revised 2009 All Rights Reserved
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| Abstract |